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I don't think science is just a matter of opinion. I believe that there's an objective reality independent of our consciousness. These metaphors structure scientific thought." He continues, "That, to me, is the greatest drama in the history of science. "We do that in the form of metaphors, which we draw from all elements of our experience. "If you or I are trying to think about something new, there's no way we can think about it except by drawing on things we think we know already," he says. Todes was the right man in the right place to explore "all that human stuff." As a historian of science, he is deeply fascinated by metaphor.
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If you do, you see immediately that isn't just a matter of compiling facts or good experimental technique. I think it's been decades since someone really sat down with all of Pavlov's works and just read them closely. "The material, because he was a hero, had been collected over time and was just staggering. "I was not particularly attracted to what I at first knew of Pavlov as a man, this flinty objectivist," Todes says, adding that when he first understood the immensity of Pavlov's archival record, it kept him up at night. Such a career produced a mammoth amount of archival material.
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He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work with digestive physiology and spent the last three decades of his life using his famous conditional reflex experimental protocols to investigate the psyche of dogs as a way to understand the subjective human experience. He led labs there for 45 years until his death at 86 in 1936.
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He began working in the 1880s in the labs of German anatomist Carl Ludwig in Leipzig and physiologist Rudolf Heidenhain in Breslau before landing a position in the Division of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. This version of Pavlov was the only one Todes knew before he first read some of the scientist's papers in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences during a 1990–91 research fellowship in St. As such, he could only be written about in ways that conformed to the Soviet view of him as a brilliant experimentalist who observed facts and followed the logic of science-produced theories from those facts. What he found produced a life that diverges strikingly from both the Soviet and the Western accounting of the man and the science. Todes, a professor in the School of Medicine's Department of the History of Medicine, spent more than 20 years sifting through thousands of pages in 27 different archives as he sought to understand the man he encountered in the scientific documentation. Image caption: Portrait of Ivan Pavlov by Ivan Streblov (1932).Īt least, that is the story told in Daniel Todes' sweeping Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science, just published by Oxford University Press. For the rest of his long and rich life, he turned to science to understand the unseen processes of the body as a way of unlocking the secrets of the mind. After reading Russian translations of physiologist Claude Bernard's lectures and George Henry Lewes' Physiology of Common Life (1859), as well as Russian physiologist Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the Brain (1863), Pavlov realized the seminary wasn't for him. In 1861, Tsar Alexander II emancipated Russia's serfs, an estimated 23 million people, and progressive intellectuals grappled with new developments in politics, philosophy, and science. But when Ivan, born in 1849 as the first of nine children, entered theological school in 1860, Russia and especially its younger generation were swept up in a reform-minded, modernizing bloom. His father's father was an unordained clergyman in the rural town of Riazan in Central Russia, where Pavlov men had served the Eastern Orthodox Church going back to Peter the Great. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, that giant of Soviet science, was supposed to be a priest.